Improving Feed Quality Through the Addition of Mangrove Fruit (Sonneratia alba) on Indigofera (Indigofera zollingeriana)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25077/alive.v2.n1.p71-85.2025Keywords:
digestibility, Indigofera zollingeriana, rumen fermentation, Sonneratia alba, tanninsAbstract
This study investigated the effects of incorporating tannin-rich mangrove fruit (Sonneratia alba) into Indigofera zollingeriana-based rations on in vitro digestibility and rumen fermentation characteristics. Using a completely randomized design with four treatments (0%, 3%, 6%, and 9% S. alba) and four replicates, we evaluated dry matter digestibility (DMD), organic matter digestibility (OMD), crude protein digestibility (CPD), crude fiber digestibility (CFD), crude fat digestibility, nitrogen-free extract (NFE), rumen pH, volatile fatty acids (VFA), and ammonia (NH₃) concentrations. Results revealed that moderate tannin inclusion (6%) improved CPD and nutrient protection without significantly impairing DMD or OMD. However, higher inclusion (9%) significantly reduced CFD, crude fat digestibility, NFE, VFA, and NH₃ concentrations (P<0.05 or P<0.01), indicating suppressed microbial activity. These findings suggest that while S. alba tannins can effectively reduce ruminal protein degradation and modulate fermentation, excessive inclusion negatively impacts overall feed digestibility. The optimal inclusion rate was identified at 6%, balancing protein protection and fermentation efficiency. This study supports the strategic use of plant-based tannins as a feed additive to enhance protein utilization and reduce nitrogen losses in ruminant diets.
Downloads
References
Abdullah, L. (2010). Herbage production and quality of shrub Indigofera treated by different concentrations of foliar fertilizer. Media Peternakan, 33(3), 169–175.
Abdullah, L. (2014). Prospektif agronomi dan ekofisiologi Indigofera zollingeriana sebagai tanaman penghasil hijauan pakan berkualitas tinggi. Pastura, 3(2), 79–83.
Ardani, L.R., Zain, M., Elihasridas., Erpomen., Pazla, R., Utami, Y., Sari, R.R., Hadiwijaya, M.T., Putri, E.M., & Makmur, M. (2024). Optimization Indigofera zollingeriana and gambier (Uncaria gambir) supplementation on feed consumption, digestibility, methane production, and lactation performance of Etawa crossbreed goats. International Journal of Veterinary Science, 13(5), 537-544. https://doi.org/10.47278/journal.ijvs/2024.129
Ardiansyah, P.R., Wonggo, D., Dotulong, V., Damongilala, L.J., Harikedua, S.D., Mentang, F., & Sanger, G. (2020). Proksimat pada tepung buah mangrove Sonneratia alba. Media Teknologi Hasil Perikanan, 8(3), 82-87.
Astuti A., Ali, A., Subur, P., & Sasmito, B. (2009). The effect of high-quality feed supplement addition on early lactating dairy cows' nutrient consumption and digestibility. Buletin Peternakan, 33(2), 81-87.
D’Mello, J.P.F., & C. Devendra. (1995). Tropical Legume in Animal Nutrition. CABI Publishing, Wallingford.
Dado, R.G., & Allen, M.S. (1995). Intake limitation, feeding behavior, and rumen function of cows challenged with rumen fill from dietary fiber or inert bulk. J. Dairy Sci, 78, 118-133. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(95)76622-X
Despal. D., Sari, L.A., Permana, I.G., Zahera, R., & Anzhany, D. (2021c). Fibre feeds impact on milk fatty acids profiles produced by smallholder dairy farmers. Journal of Dairy Science, 16(3), 98–107. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijds.2021.98.107
Durango, S.G., Barahona, R., Bolivar, D.M., Chirinda, N., & Arango, J. (2021). Feeding strategies to increase nitrogen retention and improve rumen fermentation and rumen microbial population in beef steers fed with tropical forages. Sustainability, 13, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131810312
Elihasridas., Pazla, R., Jamarun,N., Yanti, G., Sari, R.W.W., & Ikhlas, Z. (2023). Pre-treatments of Sonneratia alba fruit as the potential feed for ruminants using Aspergillus niger at different fermentation times: Tannin concentration, enzyme activity, and total colonies. International Journal of Veterinary Science, 12(5), 755-761. https://doi.org/10.47278/journal.ijvs/2023.021
Elihasridas, E., Pazla, R., Jamarun, N., Yanti, G., Asmairicen, S., Marlina, L., ... & Zelinea, F. (2024). Effect of tannin degradation of mangrove (Sonneratia alba) fruit on nutrient digestibility, protozoa population, and methane gas production. Czech Journal of Animal Science, 69(7), 292–301. https://doi.org/10.17221/38/2024-CJAS
Elihasridas, E., Pazla, R., Zain, M., Antonius, A., Ikhlas, Z., & Yanti, G. (2025). Optimizing mangrove-derived tannin extract for sustainable ruminant feeding: A strategy to balance nutrient digestibility and methane mitigation. Journal of Animal Behaviour and Biometeorology, 13, e2025012. https://doi.org/10.14269/jabb.2025012
FAO. (2005). Sorghum and millet in human nutrition FAO Food and Nutrition Series, No.27. ISBN 92-5-103381-1.
Frutos, P., Hervás, G., Ramos, G., & Giráldez, F.J. (2004). Review: Tannins and ruminant nutrition. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 2(2), 191–202. https://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2004022-73
Gemeda, B.S., & Hassen, A. (2015). Effect of tannin and species variation on in vitro digestibility, gas and methane production of tropical browse plants. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science, 28(2), 188-199. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.14.0325
General Laboratory Procedures. (1966). Department of Dairy Science. University of Wisconsin, Madison.
Gumilar, D., Rianto, E., & Arifin, M. (2017). The concentration of rumen fluid volatile fatty acids and ammonia, and rumen microbial protein production in sheep given feed during the day and night time. IOP Conf. Series: Eart and Environmental Science, 119, 012045.
Hassen, A., Rethman, N.F.G., Apostolides, Z., & Niekerk, V. (2008). Forage production and potential nutritive value of 24 shrubby Indigofera accessions under field conditions in South Africa. Troop Grasssland, 42, 96-103.
Herdiawan, I., Abdullah, L., & Sopandi, D. (2014). Status nutrisi hijauan Indigofera zollingeriana pada berbagai taraf perlakuan stres kekeringan dan interval pemangkasan. Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner, 19(2), 91–103. https://dx.doi.org/10.14334/jitv.v19i2.1037
Indah, A.S., Permana, I.G., & Despal. (2020). Determination of dry matter digestibility of tropical forage using nutrient composition. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 484(1), 012113. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/484/1/012113
Jamarun, N., Pazla, R., Arief., Jayanegara, A., & Yanti, G. (2020). Chemical composition and rumen fermentation profile of mangrove leaves (Avicennia marina) from West Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas, 21(11), 5230-5236. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d211126
Jamarun, N., Pazla, R., Jayanegara, A., Elihasridas, Yanti, G., Antonius, Ikhlas, Z., & Ardani, L. R. (2025). Evaluation of lime treatment in reducing tannin content and enhancing nutrient utilization of mangrove fruits (Sonneratia alba) as an animal feed ingredient. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture, 37(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3897/ejfa.2025.126901
Kamlasi, Y., Bouk, G., Bere, E. K., Sinabang, M. K., & Citrawati, G. A. O. (2024). Corn waste grinding and processing machine as cattle feed in the border area of the Republic of Indonesia and the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste (RI-RDTL). Andalasian Livestock, 1(2), 121–132. https://doi.org/10.25077/alive.v1.n2.p121-132.2024
Kim, E.T., Guan, L.L., Lee, S.J., Lee, S.M., Lee, S.S., Lee, I.D., Lee, S.K., & Lee, S.S. (2015). Effects of flavonoid-rich plant extracts on in vitro ruminal methanogenesis, microbial populations, and fermentation characteristics. Asian-Australas Journal of Animal Science, 28(4), 530-537. https://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.14.0692
Makkar, H.P.S. (2003). Effects and fate of tannins in ruminant animals, adaptation to tannins, and strategies to overcome detrimental effects of feeding tannin-rich feeds. Small Ruminant Research, 49(3), 241-256. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-4488(03)00142-1
Maynard, L.A., Baker, R.J., & Becker, K. (2005). Animal Nutrition. 10th Edition. Prentice Hall.
McDonald, P.R., Edwards, A., Greenhalg, J.F.D., & Morgan, C.A. (2002). Animal Nutrition 6th Edition. Longman Scientific and Technical Co. Published in The United States with John Willey and Sons Inc, New York.
Min, B.R., Barry, T.N., Attwood, G.T., & McNabb, W.C. (2003). The effect of condensed tannins on the nutrition and health of ruminants fed fresh temperate forages: A review. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 106(1–4), 3–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-8401(03)00041-5
Mushawwir, A.Y.K., Yong, L., Adriani, E., Hernawan., & Kamil, K.A. (2010). The fluctuation effect of atmospheric ammonia (NH3) exposure and microclimate on Hereford bulls hematochemical. J. of the Indon Tropical Anim Agric, 35, 232-238. https://doi.org/10.14710/jitaa.35.4.232-238
Nascimento, T.V.C., Oliveira, R.L., Menezes, D.R., de Lucena, A.R.F., Queiroz, M.A.Á., Lima, A.G.V.O., Ribeiro, R.D.X., Bezerra, L.R. (2021). Effects of condensed tannin-amended cassava silage blend diets on feeding behavior, digestibility, nitrogen balance, milk yield, and milk composition in dairy goats. Animal, 15(1), 100015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.animal.2020.100015
Patra, A.K., & Saxena, J. (2011). Exploiting dietary tannins to improve rumen metabolism and ruminant nutrition. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 91(1), 24–37. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.4152
Pazla, R., Adrizal, S.R., & Sriagtula, R. (2021). Intake, nutrient digestibility, and production performance of Pesisir cattle fed Tithonia diversifolia and Calliandra calothyrsus-based rations with different protein and energy ratios. Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 9(10), 1608-1615. https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.aavs/2021/9.10.1608.1615
Pazla, R., Zain, M., Despal., Tanuwiria, U.H., Putri, E.M., Makmur, M., Zahera, R., Sari, L.A., Afnan, I.M., Rosmalia, A., Yulianti, Y.I., Putri, S.D., Mushawwir, A., & Apriliana, R.A. (2023). Evaluation of rumen degradable protein values from various tropical foliage using in vitro and in situ methods. International Journal of Veterinary Science, 12(6), 860-868. https://doi.org/10.47278/journal.ijvs/2023.045
Pazla, R., Natsir, A., Hidayat, R., Ginting, N., Zain, M., Antonius, Mohd-Aris, A., Ikhlas, Z., & Hidayat, M. Z. (2024a). Optimization of fiber digestibility and methane reduction with gambier leaf extract from Pangkalan for sustainable ruminant farming. Andalasian Livestock, 1(2), 114–120. https://doi.org/10.25077/alive.v1.n2.p114-120.2024
Pazla, R., Antonius, Jamarun, N., Elihasridas, E., Arief, R., Ikhlas, Z., Yanti, G., Fitri, Y., Hidayat, M. Z., & Ardani, L. R. (2025). Gambir leaf catechins as potential natural feed additives to improve digestibility and mitigate methane emissions in ruminants. Journal of Animal Behaviour and Biometeorology, 13, e2025005. https://doi.org/10.31893/jabb.2025005
Pazla, R., Elihasridas, E., Jamarun, N., Yanti, G., Antonius, A., Putri, E. M., ... & Efendi, Z. (2024b). Optimizing nutrient digestibility through fermentation of mangrove (Sonneratia alba) fruit with Aspergillus niger: Implications for livestock feed quality improvement. International Journal of Veterinary Science, 13(6), 862-869. https://doi.org/10.47278/journal.ijvs/2024.182
Permana, A.H., Hernaman, I., & Mayasari, N. (2020). Profil Protein Darah Sapi Perah Masa Transisi dengan Indigofera zollingeriana Sebagai Pengganti Konsentrat Serta Penambahan Mineral dalam Pakan. Sains Peternakan: Jurnal Penelitian Ilmu Peternakan, 18(1), 53–59.
Popova, A., & Mihaylova, D. (2019). Antinutrients in plant-based foods: a review. Open Biotechnol Journal, 13, 68-76. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874070701913010068
Primavera, J.H., & Esteban, J.M.A. (2008). A review of mangrove rehabilitation in the Philippines: Successes, failures, and future prospects. Wetland Ecology Management, 16(5), 345-358. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11273-008-9101-y
Putri, E.M., Zain, M., Warly, L., & Hermon, H. (2021). Effects of rumen degradable to undegradable protein ratio in ruminant diet on in vitro digestibility, rumen fermentation, and microbial protein synthesis. Veterinary World, 14(3), 640– 648. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2021.640-648
Putri, N.D.L., Sutrisna, R., Fathul, F., & Liman. (2023). Pengaruh pengolahan amoniasi, fermentasi, dan amofer kelobot jagung terhadap konsentrasi VFA total, NH3 dan poduksi gas total secara in vitro. Jurnal Riset dan Inovasi Peternakan, 7(1), 84-93. https://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jrip.2023.7.1.84-93
Rosmalia, A., Astriani., Sahroni, W.P., Permana, I.G., & Despal. (2022b). Effect of rumen degradable protein and sulfur supplementation on in vitro digestibility and ruminal fermentation. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 951(1), 012013. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/951/1/012013
Cipriano-Salazar, M., Rojas-Hernández, S., Olivares-Pérez, J., Jiménez-Guillén, R., Cruz-Lagunas, B., Camacho-Díaz, L.M., & Amadike Eziuche Ugbogu, A.E. (2018). Antibacterial activities of tannic acid against isolated ruminal bacteria from sheep, Microbial Pathogenesis, 117, 255-258, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2018.01.045.
Santos, F.A.P., Santos, J.E.P., Theurer, C.B., & Huber, J.T. (1998). Effects of rumen-undegradable protein on dairy cow performance: A 12-year literature review. Journal of Dairy Science, 81(12), 3182– 3213. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(98)75884-9
Sari, R.M., Zain, M., Jamarun, N., Ningrat, R.W.S., Elihasridas., & Putri, E.M. (2022). Improving rumen fermentation characteristics and nutrient digestibility by increasing rumen degradable protein in ruminant feed using Tithonia diversifolia and Leucaena leucocephala. International Journal of Veterinary Science, 11(3), 353-360. https://doi.org/10.47278/journal.ijvs/2021.12
Simanuhuruk, K., & Sirait, J. (2009). Utilization of Indigofera sp. as basal feed for Boerka goats on growing phase. Proceeding of Seminar Nasional Teknologi Peternakan dan Veteriner 2009, 449-454.
Verma, S., Taube, F., & Malisch, C.S. (2021). Examining the variables leading to the apparent incongruity between anti methanogenic potential of tannins and their observed effects in ruminants—A Review. Sustainability, 13(5), 2743. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052743
Wijayanti, E., Wahyono, F., & Surono. (2012). Kecernaan nutrien dan fermentabilitas pakan komplit dengan level ampas tebu yang berbeda secara in vitro. Anim. Agric. J, 1(1), 167- 179.
Yang, C., Si, B., Diao, Q., Jin, H., Zeng, S., & Tu, Y. (2016). Rumen fermentation and bacterial communities in weaned Chahaer lambs on diets with different protein levels. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 15(7), 1564–1574. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(15)61217-5
Zain, M., Ningrat, R.W.S., Erpomen., Putri, E.M., & Makmur, M. (2019). The effects of leguminous supplementation on ammoniated rice straw-based complete feed on nutrient digestibility on in vitro microbial protein synthesis. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 287, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/287/1/012018
Zain, M., Putri, E.M., Rusmana, W.S.N., Erpomen., & Makmur, M. (2020). Effects of supplementing Gliricidia sepium on ration based ammoniated rice straw in ruminant feed to decrease methane gas production and to improve nutrient digestibility (in-vitro). International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology, 10(2), 724–729. https://doi.org/10.18517/ijaseit.10.2.11242
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
